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Bone Mineral Density and Related Factors of Postmenopausal Women.
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Jae Hee Son, Byung Yeol Chun, Min Hae Yeh, Kyung Eun Lee, Sam Soon Lee, Young Seok Lee, Bong Gie Kim
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Korean J Epidemiol. 2002;24(2):113-120.
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Abstract
PURPOSE
This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis and to identify the related factors of bone mineral density (BMD) in rural postmenopausal women.METHODS Three hundred ninety postmenopausal women in a rural area were examined in 1999 Their BMDs of the lumbar spine (L1-L3) were measured by a quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) and their height and weight were measured.
A questionnaires interviewing method was used to collect risk factor data.
PESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women of 40-69 years old was 89.2% by reference value of UCSF(University of California, Sanfrancisco), however, changed to 63.1% by that of Korean. From simple analyses, age(p<0.01), duration after menopause (p<0.01), menstrual regularity(p<0.05), delivery frequencies (p<0.01), breast feeding years (p<0.01), alcohol intake(p<0.01), and smoking(p<0.05) were significant risk factors relating to BMD. In multiple linear regression analysis, duration after menopause(p<0.01), menstrual regularity(p<0.05), and breast feeding years (p<0.05) proved to be significant risk factors. However dietary factors and life style were not significantly associated with BMD.CONCLUSIONS The significant risk factors of postmenopausal women in a rural area relating to BMD were duration after menopause, menstrual regularity, and breast feeding duration.
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Incidence and Risk Factors of Needle Stick Injury and the Association with HBV Infection in Hospital Personnels.
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Jin Hee Park, Byung Yeol Chun, Min Hae Yeh
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1997;19(1):29-41.
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To investigate the incidence and risk factors of needle stick injury(NSI) and the association between NSI and hepatitis B infection in hospital personnel, a prospective cohort study was conducted at a university hospital in Pusan city from April 1, 1994 to September 30, 1994. Of five hundred and thirty hospital personnel, 38.7 percent reported one NSI or more. The annual person incidence rate of NSI was 81.3 per 100 person and annual spell incidence rate was 144.3 per 100 persons. The annual incidence rate in registered nurses(192.8 cases per 100) was the highest, followed by physicians(115.4 cases per 100), nurse aids(75.5 cases per 100) and laboratory technicals(51.8 cases per 100) (p<0.05). Risk factors significantly associated with needle stick injuries were being interns higher than residents(p<0.05) for physicians, the incidence rate decreased as length of employment increased (p<0.05) for registered nurses and working in operating room and central supply room higher than working in surgical department(p<0.05) for nurses aids. The most common device related to needle stick injuries was disposable needles(49.7%), the most frequent activity related to needle stick injuries was recapping needle(35.7%), and most of the needle stick injuries occurred in nurse station(40.9%) and patient room (34.1%). The vaccination rate for hepatitis B virus was 40.2 percent. Of the non-vacciness, 4.5 percent were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and 69.2 percent were serologically positive for hepatitis B viral markers at the beginning of this study. Of 80 negative personnel for for all hepatitis B viral markers, 27 persons experienced needle stick injuries during study period. Three out of 27persons were positive for hepatitis B markers at the end of follow-up. However, all of 53 persons who had no experience of needle stick injuries were negative.
Therefore, NSI was significantly associated with HBV infection and the annual incidence for hepatitis B virus infection was as 8.0 per 100 in hospital personnel. These findings suggest that hospital personnels are at a high risk group for needle stick injuries. Particulary interns, novice registered nures (length of employment less than 1 year), and nurse aids who are working at operating room and central supply room are the highest risk group. It is recommended that NSI prevention program for hospital personnel should be developed to minimize the risk of needle stick injuries in the hospital.
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Impact of the Discontinuance of Regular Exercise on Serum Lipids.
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Byung Yeol Chun, Min Hae Yeh, Young Ae Ha
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1996;18(1):76-83.
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To estimate the impact the discontinuance of regular exercise on serum lipids, we selected 90 healthy young adults who were recruited and completed their training course as scheduled(5-week basic physical training and 4-week indoor education) during the period February 1995 to April 1995. Serum lipids, height, and weight were measured three times(Time I: before training, Time II: after 5-week training, Time III: after 4-week detraining). Ninety study subjects were classified as underweight, normal and overweight based on the criteria of Katsura equation. Of 17 underweight subjects, two were weight maintainers and 15 were weight gainers. There was no significant change in serum lipids after detraining among 15 weight gainers. Of 64 normal weight subjects, three were weight losers, 12 weight maintainers and 49 were weight gainers. There was significant increase in total cholesterol after detraining among 12 weight maintainers(P<0.01). In addition to this, there was also significant increase in total cholesterol(P<0. 01), LDL- cholesterol(P<0. 01) and HDL-cholesterol(P<0.05) after detraining among 49 weight gainers. This might be due to the harmful effect of detraining except HDL-cholesterol change. Of nine overweight subjects, only one was weight loser and eight were weight maintainers. There was significant increase in HDL-cholesterol after detraining among 7 weight maintainers (P<0.05). However, there were no significant changes in total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and MI index. The harmful effect of detraining was not observed in overweight subjects. In conclusion, the harmful effect of detraining was observed in weight maintainers and weight gainers among normal weight subjects after regular exercise.
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A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Korean Soldiers.
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Jung Han Park, Min Hae Yeh, Yeon Ja Hwang, Kenneth E Dixon
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1994;16(1):41-53.
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A case-control study was conducted to identify the specific risk fatctors for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Korean soldiers. The case group consisted of 196 confirmed HFRS patients who were admitted to the Capital Armed Forces General Hospital between I November 1989 and 15 January 1992 and were 25 years old or younger.
The control group consisted of 258 non-HFRS patients who were admitted to the same hospital and meeting following conditions; onset of symptom was within five days before or after the onset date of case, had regular military activities up to the onset of symptom, and no noticeable signs for the diagnosis. Most of the cases and controls came from the units located in Kyonggi province (61.7% of cases, 75.9% of controls) and Kangwon province (31.6% of cases, 15.5% of controls). The distribution of places where the cases and controls had moved into during 60 days period prior to admission was similar to that of the base units.
Among 196 cases, 89.3% occurred in October through December and 46.9% in November. Significant risk factor was the field living condition. The odds ratio (OR) for sleeping in a tent vs not sleeping in a tent during 60 days period prior to admission was 1.55 (95% CI=1.07-2.25) and that for sleeping on the bare ground or in a vehicle was 3. 63 (95% CI=1.48-8.86). Other statistically significant risk factors were advanced tac tical training (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.02-2.24), drinking surface water (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.21-2.77), exposure to indoor dust (OR=1.58, 95% CI=1.05-2. 37), fixing trench (OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.12-2.37) and having seen Apodemus in the outdoors (OR=4. 61, 95% CI=2.12-10.02). Most of these risk factors were related with camping (field living condition) and thus the interaction between each risk factor and camping was examined by cross tabulation. None of the ORs for five risk factors was statistically significant for the cases who had no camping.
However all of the ORs for the cases who had camping were increased and statistically significant ;2.27 for advanced tactical training, 2.64 for drinking surface water, 2.14 for exposure to indoor dust, 2.91 for fixing trench, and 7.58 for having seen Apodemus in outdoors. It was revealed in this study that the highest risk factor for HFRS is camping in the area where the Apodemus inhabits.
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Relationship of Body Fat Distribution and Serum Lipids in Men.
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Byung Yeol Chun, Min Hae Yeh, Sung Kook Lee, Yun Kyeong Rho, Soon Yeol Nam
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1994;16(1):28-40.
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This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of body fatness indicators and serum lipids (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, myocardial infarction(MI) index) to find anthropometric indicators of body fat distribution that are strongly associated with serum lipids. 347 adult male workers of an industry in Kyungpook province were selected and data on the general characteristics were obtained using questionnaire from June 26 to June 29, 1991. Serum lipids were tested with 5 ml fasting blood and height, weight, circumferences of waist, hip and mid-thigh, five subcutaneous fat thickeness(biceps, triceps, supscapular, suprailiac, thigh) were mea sured using Ultrasound type A TATT. Waist circumference, waist/hip circumference ratio and subcutaneous fat thickness of suprailiac area are significantly increased with increasing age, but thigh circumference is significantly decreased (P< 0.05). These results suggest that central obesity is closely related to age and waist circumference may be the best indicator of body fatness or body fat distribution in men.
In younger age group(below 40 year old), the result of canonical correlations analysis suggests that circumferences(0.501) was slightly closely related to serum lipids than subcutaneous fat thickness(0.493), however, in older age group (above 40 year old), subcutaneous fat thickness(0.528) were more strongly associated with serum lipids than circumferences(0.419). Weighted canonical analyses suggest that biceps and suprailiac areas in younger age group and sub scapular area in older age group are stronger indicators of serum lipids among .subcutaneous fatness measurements. Of the circumferences, waist is the most strongest indicator of serum lipids in both age groups.
Therefore, it is recommended that circumference of waist and subcutaneous fat thickness of subscapular area should be measured to estimate the degree of central obesity for preventing cardiovascular disease in men.
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Hepatitis B virus infection rate of orphans
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Sung Kook Lee, Min Hae Yeh, Gi Dog Ahn, Byung Yeol Chun, Chang Eun Kim
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1987;9(2):183-192.
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To determine the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rate of orphans and take preventive measures against the hepatitis B virus, the hepatitis B virus infection rate by age, residence duration in orphanages and residence before admission of 249 orphans(male 143, female 106) in 2 orphanages among 21 orphanages which are located in Busan was analyzed and measured for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc, HBeAg with RPHA and RIA method from April 1 to April 28, 1987.
Overall HBsAg positive rate was 6.4% and rate for male (9.1%) was statistically significant higher than that for female (2.8%) (P<0.05). Anti-HBs positive rate was 44.6% (48.3% for male, 39.6% for female) and anti-HBc positive rate that executed orphans of HBsAg and anti-HBs negative was 14.8% (19.7% for male, 9.8% for female). Accordingly the hepatitis B virus infection rate (HBV) was 58.2% and the infection rate for male (65.7%) was higher than that for female (48.1%) (P<0.01).
HBsAg positive rate by preschool age (under 5 years old) was 8.7%; elementary school age (6-11 years old), 8.3%; junior school age (12-14 years old), 4.8%; senior school age (15 years and over), 4.4% and preschool children were the highest in HBsAg positive rate. HBV
infection rate for 5 years old and under was 30.4%; 52.1% for 6-11 years old; 66.1% for 12-14 years old; 69.1% for 15 years and over and the infection rate was increased as age increased.
The infection rate by duration of residence in orphanages was 50.3% for 4 years under; 77.4% for 5-9 years; 80.7% for 10 years above and the infection rate by duration was in proportion to their residence duration. The infection rate by residence before admission was 53.5% for home; 75.5% for orphanages; 57.1% for temporary residence and the orphanage residence group was the highest.
HBsAg positive rate among HBsAg poisitive orphans (68.8%) was so high and HBV infection rate of orphans with HBeAg positive person in the same room was 64.1% HBV infection rate of orphans with HBeAg negative person in the same room was 55.1% and orphans who live with HBeAg positive person showed the high positive rate, but there isn’t statistically significant difference.
Three orphans among 16 HBsAg positive orphans were the HBV patients and HBsAg positive rate related to the result of liver function test greatly.
As result of this study, 58.2% orphans among young aged orphans were infected with the hepatitis B virus, and HBsAg positive rate of workers at restaurant was 40.0% and that of workers at office or room was 27.3%. HBeAg positive rate among HBsAg positive workers in orphanage was 80.8%.
HBV infection rate of adults in orphanage was 81.6%. There findings suggest that the high HBV infection rate of orphans should be attributed to the high HBeAg positive rate among workers in orphanage by horizontal transmission of HBV through close personal contact.
So it is recommended to test new orphans soon after the admission to the orphanage and immunize all the susceptible orphans. Also it is necessary to observe continually after seperating any HBeAg positive orphans who can infect the other.
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Relation of long-term weight change to risk factors for coronary artery disease.
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Sung Kook Lee, Byung Yeol Chun, Kyung Min Park, Yun Kyeong Rho, Jin Wouk Jeong, Min Hae Yeh
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Korean J Epidemiol. ;15(2):132-148.
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This study was conducted to examine the relation of long-term weight change to the risk factors for coronary artery idsease.
The study subjects included 592 healthy male workers in a steel company in Kyungpook province who were employed between 1971 and 1978 and whose age was between 23 and 29 years old at the time of employment. In this study, healthy worker was defined as a man with normal body weight (90%≤ideal body weight<110%), [ideal body weight=(individual height in cm-100)x0.9], no sugar no protein in urine, (m and) systolic blood pressure (SBP)<140mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBF)<90mmHg.
Between July 2 and September 30, 1992, all of the study subjects were tested for serum lipid [cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG)，and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)] and uric acid with 10ml fasting blood, and height, weight and blood pressure were measured. A questionnaie was administered for life style, behavioral pattern and demographic characteristics.
The study subjects were classified by their long-term weight change into four group；weight lost group(W.L.G., N=40), weight stable group (W.S.G., N=257), mild weight gain group (M.W.G.G., N=127)f severe weight gain group (S.W.G.G., N=168).
The average age (SD) of the study subjects was 45.66(3.93) years.
Proportions of the workers with shortness of breath and palpitation were significantly increased with weight increment.
Weight increment was positively associated with SBP (p<0.001), DBP (p<0.001), TG (p<0. 001), atherosclerosis index (AI) (p<0.01) and uric acid(p<0.001), whereas negatively associated with HDL-C (p<0.001).
Odds ratios (OR) of the S.W.G.G to the W.S.G. for shortness of breath (OR=2.41), palpitation (OR=2.68), SBP(OR=2.31), DBP(OR=2.18), TG(OR=4.11), HDL-C(OR=1.86), AI(OR=2.19) and uric acid(OR=3.39) were significantly greater than 1. On the other hand, ORs of the W.L.G. to the W.S.G. for HDL-C (OR=0.26), AI(OR=0.47) were significantly smaller than 1.
Weight change showed significant effect on short ness of breath, palpitation, SBP. DBP, TG, HDL-C, AI and uric acid when the effects of other variables [weight change (raw data), age, drinking and smoking habits, exercise and behavior pattern] were controlled by the stepwise logistic regression analysis.
For those significant fisk factors and symptoms, ORs of each weight change group in reference to the W.S.G (dummy variable) were calculated by logistic regression method. ORs of the W.L.G. for HDL-C (OR=0.26) and AI(OR=0.37) were significantly smaller than 1. ORs of the M.W.G.G. for all the risk factors and symptoms were not significant, and ORs of the S.W.G.G. for shortness of breath (OR=1.75)，palitation(OR=2.05), SBP(OR=2.53), DBP(OR=2.41), TG(OR=2.81), HDL-C (OR=2.28), AI(OR=2.16) and uric acid (OR=2.20) were significantly greater than 1.
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